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链接高考考点  掌握省略结构
[ 2008-5-12 18:07:00 | By: 平分秋色 ]
 
省略句是高考考查的语法重点,又是学习的难点。在英语中,为了使句子简洁明快,突出重点,常用"省略句",只要不影响句意的表达,能省略的成分尽可能省略。省略现象随处可见,大致可分为以下几种情况。
一、句子成分的省略
1. 省略主语。如:
    Haven't seen you for ages!好久不见了!
    2.省略谓语。如:
(Is there) Anything you want? 你要什么东西吗?
(Does) Anybody need help? 有人要帮忙吗?
3. 省略宾语。如:
I don't know (where he is ). 我不知道。
4.省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分),只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其它成分。如:
(I'm) Afraid I can't come. 恐怕我不能来了。
(Have you) Got any ink? 你有墨水吗?
【高考链接】-It’s a long time since I saw my sister.(2007全国卷1)
-_________her this weekend?
     A. Why not visit       B. Why not to visit     C. Why not visiting   D. Why don’t visit
    解析:答案为A。本题考察省略结构,这里why not visit =Why didn’t you visit ,这种既注重基础又兼顾生活交际的试题,其实多数学生感觉很容易能得出正确的A答案。
二、复合句的省略
1.在含有状语从句的复合句中
由when,while,as, once,whenever引导的时间状语从句;或由if,unless引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,even if ,even though引导的让步状语从句;由as though,as if,as引导的方式状语从句;由because引导的原因状语从句;由wherever引导的地点状语从句,若从句的主句是it或与主句的主语相同,且在谓语中含有be时,常省略从句的主语和be。例如:
When (she was) asked , she didn’t answer a word. 当她被问到的时候,她一句话也说不上来。
Water can be changed into vapor if (it is ) heated. 水如果被加热就能变成水蒸气。
When (you are) working ,you must pay attention.  当你上班的时候, 你必须全神贯注。
We may try again when (it is ) necessary . 当它有必要的时候,我们可以再试一次。
【高考链接】We all know that, __________, the situation will get worse. (2007全国卷1)
   A. not if dealt carefully with         B. if not carefully dealt with
   C. if dealt not carefully with         D. not if carefully dealt with
解析:答案为B。本题考查状语从句的省略问题,即根据本句完整句子应该补充为:if (it is) not carefully dealt with,当然, 现在的语言中,已经把这种省略形式固定化了即:if not.
2.在限定性定语从句中
作宾语的关系代词that,which, whom可以省略;在以the same... as和such... as引导的定语从句中,可以省略与主句相同的部分;the way后面的定语从句中,可以省略that,in which。 例如:
All you ever want to do is going shopping. 你所想的就是购物。
Is this the reason he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? 这就是他在会议上为他上班粗心解释的理由吗
What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it. 使我惊奇的不是他所说的,而是他说话的方式。
【高考链接】—Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
   —Yes,there's one point_____ we must insist on.(NMET2006江西卷)
A.why    B.where    C.how    D./
答案为D。有一点(point)我们必须要坚持的。先行词point 在定语从句中作宾语。关系代词that 省略,故答案为D。
3.宾语从句的省略。如:
Tom has gone home, but I don't know why (he has gone home). 汤姆已经回家了,但是我不知道为什么(他回家)。
I herad (that ) he had gone abroad. 我听说他出国了。
【高考链接】Having checked the doors were closed , and _________ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom. (2007湖南卷)
   A. why           B. that           C. when           D. where
解析:答案为B 。 that引导并列的宾语从句,Having前省去that,并列的两个以that引导的宾语从句即使省略第一个that,第二个that 一般不能省。
三、 并列句的省略
在并列句中,如果后面的分句,与前面的分句有相同的部分,这一部分则常被省略掉,以免重复。如:
    He teaches English and his brother maths. 他教英语, 他的哥哥教数学。
    We have been waiting for her to come back to see us, but (we have been waiting) in vain. 我们一直在等她回来看望我们,但我们白等了。
【高考链接】He has made a lot of films,but ____ good ones.(2007北京卷)
A.any   B. some  C. few      D. many
     解析:答案为C。他制作了很多电影,但是好的很少。But 引导的并列句子进行了省略but few good ones = but he made few good ones .
四、肯定结构
So+助动词/情态动词+主语句型。这一结构用来表示相同概念,即前面所说的情况也同样适用于另一人或物,意思是“同样”、“也那样”,常理解为倒装结构。如:
The boy died and a week later. So did his sister. 这个男孩死了,一周以后,他的姐姐也死了。
I’m an English teacher, so is my wife. 我是个英语老师,我的妻子也是。
【高考链接】-My room gets very cold at night.(2007江苏卷)
   - ___________.
   A. So is mine        B. So mine is        C. So does mine        D. So mine does
解析:答案为C。在两个答句中,当两者(人或物)情况或意思完全相同,第二个分句用so引出时,出现省略现象,还可引起倒装结构,表示"也……"。本句子的意思:“我的房子晚上很冷”。“我的也是”。 So does mine 相当于My room gets very cold at night, too.
注意:有时可用so代替名词性从句,以避免重复前面所说的内容,可以用于这类结构的动词有think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, guess, hope等.肯定回答结构为"主语+动词+so",否定回答结构为"主语+助动词否定形式+动词+so"或"主语+动词+not"。但动词为hope, guess时,否定回答只能说hope (guess) not,不能说don't hope (guess) so。
-It is sunny today. 今天阳光灿烂。
-So it is. (=It's really sunny today.) 是的。
【高考链接】-Will you be able to finish your respect today?
  -           .(NMET2006全国卷II,6)
A. I like it    B. I hope so     C. I’ll do so     D. I’d love it
解析:答案为B。考查情景对话。句意为“希望如此”。
五、在否定结构中
由nor,neither等引导的连续否定的句子也是一种省略句,这种句子在意思上与前面的句子是相同的,而且主谓用倒装。例如:
-I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible! 我再也不去那家餐馆了。饭菜太难吃了!
-Neither would I .我也不去了。
【高考链接】If Joe' s wife won' t go to the party, _______.(2007全国卷2)
A. he will either      B. neither will he         C.he        neithe will         D. either he will
解析:答案为B。如果Joe的妻子不去舞会的话,Joe也不会去。neither引导的连续否定的句子也是一种省略句而且主谓用倒装,这里nither he will 相当于he will not go to party , neither 。
六、不定式的省略
    1. 在see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感观动词及使役动词let ,make ,have 后的"宾语+动词不定式作宾语补足语"的结构中,不定式符号to须省略,但这类结构变成被动语态时,其后的不定式要还原加上to。如:
I haven't told you that my family made a lot of money in the nineteenth century by making children work 16 hours a day in their factories.
The children were made to work more than 16 hours a day.
【高考链接】-Excuse me sir,where is Room 301? (2007北京卷)
  -Just a minute.I’ll have Bob ____you to your room.
A.show   B.shows    C. to show      D. showing
解析:答案为A。have sb.do sth. 结构中,不定式结构to do 省略to .故本句的结构应是:I’ll have Bob show you to your room.
2. 系动词(be)+形容词,即be afraid / ready / glad / happy / willing等后面接不定式时有时为了避免重复,常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to之后的内容,只保留不定式符号,例如:
    -Could you go shopping with me?
-I'm glad to (go shopping with you).
【高考链接】-I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
  -Not at all. ______ . (NMET1995)
  A. I've no time  B. I'd rather not C. I'd like it  D. I'll be happy to
  解析:正确答案是D. to后省略了look after your cat。
3. mean, try, want, would like, would love, afford等后面接不定式时:
-Did you get a ticket?
-No, I meant to (get one), but there weren't any left.
【高考链接】-Why haven’t you bought any butter ?
-I _______ to but I forgot about it. ( 2001北京春季)
A. liked    B. wished   C. meant   D. expected
解析:这道题的难度较大,因为like , wish, expect 和mean 都可以后接动词不定式作宾语。但是从提供的情景分析,是打算买而没有买,应填meant。mean to do sth.的意思是“打算做某事”;mean doing sth.的意思是“意味着”。这句话的意思是“我本打算去买,但我忘了。”,故答案为C。  
4. tell, warn, order, advise, ask等动词后接不定式作宾语补足语时:
The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to (enter the lab).
【高考链接】The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______ . (NMET1995)
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to  
解析:正确答案是A. to后省略了ride his bicycle in the street.

【跟踪精炼】
I. 单项填空:
1. -Which would you like, chicken or fish?
-________
A. I don't think so. B. What if? C. Both. D. Neither can I.
2. You may take them all home ________ .
A. if possible  B. if can C. unless so D. even if you can
3. -Hello, may I speak to Bill, please?
-________ .
A. Bill speaking  B. That's Bill  C. Speaking to Bill D. I'm speaking
4. -I think you look very nice in the red dress.
-________ .
A. Oh, no, not nice at all B. Glad you think so C. Don't like red D. You are kind, indeed
5. -I'm so tired, working all morning on the farm.
-Why not take a rest, then?
-________ .
A. Because I can't afford it  B. Maybe I should C. I don't know D. Sorry, I can't tell you
6. If you go to the West Lake in Hangzhou, you'll find it more attractive than commonly ________ .
A. supposing B. to suppose C. supposed D. is supposed
7. Doctors have said that as many as 50% of patients don't take medicine ________ .
A. like directed  B. to be directed C. as directed D. so that directed
8. The man stopped from time to time ________ whether he was being followed.
A. as if found  B. as to find C. as if to find D. when found
9. To tell the truth, I won't go to the party ________ .
A. so as to invite B. even if invited C. if inviting D. if invite
10. Water, ________ enough, can change into vapor quickly
A. when heated  B. heating C. though to be heated  D. when is heated
II.把省略的部分补充完整:
1. Someone has used my bike, but I don’t know who ________.
2. ______ sorry I’ve kept you waiting so long.
3.Where is the book ____I bought this morning?
4. I shall never forget the day ____ we first spent.
5. It’s important that we ______ speak to the old politely.
6. The way ____ you answered the question was excellent.
7. The reason ___ he came so early is his own affair.
8. What a hot day_______!
9. Though ____ tired, they went on working.
10. This car doesn’t run as fast as that one ______.
III.下面是一段对话的摘编,划线部分都是省略句,请把它们补充完整。
(They get out of the gate and are ready to get in the car when suddenly lights are turned on. Zeller with some guards are waiting for them.)
   A:  (1) Something wrong with your car, captain?
   B: Yes, as a matter of fact we couldn't get it started.
   A: Guard! (2) Fix Captain Von Trapffs car so it will start. (The guard goes to start the engine and gets back.)  (3) Excellent car. I've not asked you where you and your' family are going. Nor have you asked me why I’m here.
   B: Well, clearly we're both suffering from a deploring (痛心的) lack of curiosity. '
   A: You were sent a telegram which you did not answer. (4) A telegram from admiral (酋长国) Von Schreiber of the Navy of the Third Reich(第三帝国)
B: I was under the impression, Herr Zeller, that the contents of telegrams in Austria are private. (5) At least the Austria I know.

B: Like you Herr Zeller, I too, am a man of hidden talents.  (Max comes up to Herr Zeller with the program in hand.) (6) Yes... er... here, the program.
    A: It says here only the names of the children.
    B: It says "The Von Trapp family singers", and I am the head of the Von Trapp family, am I not?
    A :And these..., erm…  these travel clothes that you're all wearing..
    B:- (7) Our costumes, naturally. Herr Zeller, this night here is not good for the children's voices.
     A: Well, a slight delay in my orders would not be serious. Therefore, you will sing. You will all sing.  (8) But only because that's the way ! want it to be. It would demonstrate that nothing in Austria has changed. And when you are finished singing, you Captain Von Trapp, will be taken to Bremer haven. Now, if you will all get into your car, we will escort (护送) the Von Trapp family singers to the festival.
      B: No escort will be necessary, Herr Zeller.
      A: (9) Necessary? (10) A pleasure, Captain. After all, we would not want you to get lost in the crowd, would we?
      B: No.
Keys :
I. 1. C。由题意知C项可以恢复为:I'd like them both / both of them。 2. A。状语从句的省略,由题意知其完整形式为:if it is possible. 3. A。这是一个电话用语的省略形式,其对应的完整句是:This is Bill speaking. 4. B。由语境知,答句对应的完整句为:I am glad that you think I look very nice. 5. B。结合语境可知,该对话答句应为:Maybe I should take a rest now. 6. C。该题也是一个状语从句的省略式,其完整形式为:than it is commonly supposed. 7. C。根据题意可知,这是一个状语从句的省略形式,其对应完整句应为:as they are directed. 8. C。该题对应的完整形式是:as if he wanted to find... 9. B。该题是状语从句的省略形式,其完整句是:even if I am invited. 10. A。这是一个含被动语态的状语从句的省略形式,其完整形式是when it is heated enough。
II. 1. used it  2.I’m sorry 3. that / which  4. which / that 5. should  6. in which / that  7. why  8. it is ! 9. they were tired  10. runs
III. 1. Is there something wrong with your car, captain? 2. You fix Captain Von Trapp's car so it will start.3. This /It is an excellent car. 4. That/ft was a telegram from admiral Von Schreiber of the navy of the Third Reich. 5. At least I know the contents of telegrams in Austria are private. 6. Yes-..er...here, here is the programmer. 7. They are our costumes,                                        naturally. 8. But only because that's the way that (in which) I want it to be.  9. Is it necessary?10. It's a pleasure to escort you, captain.

 
 
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